Power of Power Essay - 1170 Words

Among the most complex systems is a simple yet overwhelming desire for an establishment of power, if one(it?) does not already exist. Power can be greedy, selfish, aggressive, but also a necessity for order and peace. It is always controlling. It has existed since the beginning of time and will continue to play a vital role in the lives of all, forever. In literature, power can be depicted in a variety of ways, affecting different numbers of people and things. Margaret Atwood’s â€Å"Helen of Troy Does Countertop Dancing†, Toni Cade Bambara’s â€Å"The Lesson†, Henrik Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll’s House†, and Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† each uniquely examine the influence of power in their characters’ lives. The roots from which power takes place, the depths†¦show more content†¦Torvald treats his wife irrationally, as he places himself above her. He calls her names that make her seem small, such as  "helpless little creature† (Isben 589) and â€Å"child.† (590). Nora is submissive to his dominant commands, and obeys him, possibly because she is fearful of losing him or her life. Krogstad, though, has the upper hand due to the financial loan and debt that Nora has withheld from her husband. Krogstad blackmails Nora with a letter that he threatens to give her husband if she does not fix his problems with Torvald. Nora feels obligated to both men, for the welfare of herself and her family to do as they say. Of course, with an excessive amount of power comes conflict. The extent to which power drives one to their breaking point can be directly connected to their attachment to the individual controlling them. For Nora, the guilt, fear and stress that grew within her push her to new extremes. As she put her full trust in Krogstad and her life in the hands of her family, she realizes she can no longer handle her dissatisfaction in the games they play with her heart. She c ontemplates suicide, to permanently terminate the power exerted over her, but is reminded by Krogstad that he would â€Å"still have [Torvald] completely in power† (Isben 588). Instead, she decides to live her life by leaving her husband and children, after telling Torvald â€Å"It’s your fault I’ve done nothing with my life† (597) and wanting more than a superficial relationship. The valiantShow MoreRelatedPower And Influence Of Power1238 Words   |  5 PagesPower and Influence Power and influence go together because power is influence. There is no greater power than having the ability to influence an individual, group of people, or situation. Leaders, followers and the situation can have influence and obtain power at some point. There are five sources of leader power that are used. These sources have been used in situations that I have personally handled. I have also seen these used, by observing some of my leaders. I will review these sources and situationsRead MorePutin s Power Of Power818 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen able to build up his power in a variety of ways throughout his political career. Even throughout power struggles, Putin had been able to prevail. What does Putin have to attribute to his rise in power, was it luck or strategy? Well according to the rhetoric of Gerschewski, there isn’t simply one solid reason or force behind the stability of an autocratic regime. Gerschewski wrote, â€Å"Today’s autocracies cannot rely (at least in the long term) entirely on their abuse of power in a strictly hierarchalRead MorePositional Power Vs. Personal Power809 Words   |  4 Pages10/22/2017 Power Question: Is Positional power more effective in organizational vs personal power. Looking at the topic of power I shall analyzed two theories between positional power and personal power. Collected compared the usage of both power theories and see which is more effective in an organizational. See how I can related my positional in my organization and to improve my personal power in my daily life working in my organization. Positional power One can say that Positional power is a toolRead MoreThe Power Dstance762 Words   |  3 PagesPower Distance Power Distance is one of Hofstede’s dimensions which is used to measure how the difference in power between the people is seen in a country. A country that has a high power distance is one where people are considered superior according to their gender, status, education, race, or family background. A good example of this dimension is India, mainly because of their caste system and females being looked down upon. Indian population is split into 5 groups, and each group has a separateRead MoreThe Theory Of Power And Power1281 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept of power. A general explanation for this concept is, â€Å"power simply means the capacity to bring about outcomes†. (Lukes) Another clear definition would be that â€Å"power is about being able to realize wishes, to produce the effects you want to produce†. Though the concept of power is broad and this concept can be broken down such as having different types of power. Some different types of power can be politi cal, economic, and global power which will be further discussed. Political power in a senseRead MoreSeparation Of Powers Of Power924 Words   |  4 PagesSeparation of Powers Separation of Powers is a system in which power is divided between three branches of government. These branches consist of Legislative (Congress), Executive (President), and Judiciary (Supreme Court). Each one of the branches is given a duty to fulfill. If one branch doesn’t fulfill its duties, the other branches can force that branch to fulfill it. There is another system that helps these branches of government to check on each other and limit each other’s powers. It is calledRead MoreNotes On Sources Of Power1007 Words   |  5 PagesSources of Power in my Life Experience is a key to knowledge. It is a type of power one can simply acquire by observing, encountering, or either undergoing an event. It is a type of power that I have used throughout my life. Expert power. The process of experiencing is when one obtains a skill or a piece of knowledge from an event in their life which can later be utilized in their life. As we gain experience, we become experts in a specific role to which we can help others meet their goals.Read MorePower Struggle In Literature1339 Words   |  6 PagesPower Struggles â€Å"A measure of a man is what he does with power.† These wise words were once said by the classical greek philosopher Plato, and can be applied to our society and fictional societies to this day. In literature, it can be applied to the societies of â€Å"Lamb to the Slaughter† by Roald Dahl, â€Å"Ponies† by Kij Johnson, and â€Å"Honor to Us All† from Disney’s Mulan. Marxism (the theory that is used to look at conflicts and imbalances of power in literature/societies) and Feminism (the study/advocacyRead MoreA Study On Power Generation825 Words   |  4 Pagespresent study involves a study on power generation projects which are an important part of the economy. Power situation has been worsening in Indian economy. Reasons for this scenario is a high growth of the economy which requires enhanced supply of power and the corresponding lack of power generation firms to supply adequate power. Power generation growth has been held back due to higher fuel costs, limited fuel supply pressure to reduce prices and hence profits, power theft, corruption and other issuesRead More5 Sources of Power1164 Words   |  5 PagesManagerial Power Leadership is one of four primary tasks of management. Within leadership is power, and where there is power, comes the affect power plays on the behavior of others. The behaviors can determine how a subordinate will act in a certain way or in certain conditions. Power is divided into five separate and distinct sources of managerial power; coercive, reward, legitimate, expert, and referent power. These five bases of power are divided in two categories, formal and personal power. Coercive

Confucianism, Buddhism, And Daoism - 2567 Words

Angelina Chen- Period 2 Shivani Pasricha- Period 6 Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism The founder of Buddhism is Buddha Siddhartha, born 624 in present-day Nepal. His name means â€Å"Awakened One.† A Buddha is somebody who has awoken from sleep and suddenly sees things truthfully. As Buddha grew up, he could speak sixty-four different languages and was a good mathematician. He often visited poor and old people, and realized that every person would one day experience sufferings, for example, sickness and death. Because Buddha believed in reincarnation, he became aware of the fact that everyone would experience these sufferings in a never-ending cycle. This caused him to feel sympathy for them and himself, and so he wished that they could all escape suffering. Thus, this created the religion of Buddhism. Buddhism is one of the major religions around the world. It was introduced to China during the Han dynasty. Although Buddhism was not as popular during that time, it brought great influence during the Period of Disunion. Buddhism was introduced around Asian Lands including Japan and Korea. It included many aspects of Chinese culture, such as art, literature, and architecture. Buddhism was extremely important from about 400 to 845, and is known as the Age of Buddhism. The religion’s golden age came to an end when a Tang emperor launched a campaign against the religion. This included burning many Buddhist texts, taking lands from Buddhist temples, destroyingShow MoreRelatedBuddhism : The Popularity Of Buddhism1306 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism Culture in China Instructor Dr. Jack Name: Zhoudongxue Zhang Student #: 100311725 Date: 26/11/2015 The Popularity of Buddhism in China Buddhism is one of the most popular religions in the world. The Pew Research Center reports that nearly 488 million people practice Buddhism, which represents 7% to 8% of the world’s entire population. Buddhism is mainly practiced in the Asia-Pacific region with approximately 481,290,000 Buddhists, which means 99% of Buddhists live in Asia-PacificRead MoreComparing Karma, Reincarnation, Rebirth, Moksha, and Nirvana644 Words   |  3 PagesDescribe the difference between Karma, Reincarnation, Rebirth, Moksha, and Nirvana in relation to both Hinduism and Buddhism. Karma is the connotation of causality that past actions influence future events. This is the same for both Buddhism and Hinduism. Both also believe in an endless cycle of births known as endless cycle of births, known as samsara. and release from this cycle of rebirths. Hindus believe in an everlasting soul (atman) that is reincarnated almost intact from birth to birth,Read MoreSimilarities Between Confucianism And Confucianism893 Words   |  4 Pages For centuries, Eastern religions and philosophies of Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism Daoism have been practiced by millions. Three similarities distinguishable by all four practices is the focus and teachings of virtuous humanistic practices, compassion and respect for the world around us. Although, similar in intentions each system carries unique attributes. In 1027 BCE after the rebel tribe, Zhou overthrew the Shang dynasty a time of cultural sophistication, and philosophical achievementRead MoreEvaluate the Changes and Continuities in the Role of Religion in Chinese Society from 600 to 1450.1043 Words   |  5 Pagescertain religions while repressing others. While Buddhism flourished during the Sui and Tang dynasty, it faced opposition from the government during the Song dynasty. Confucianism lost government endorsement during the Sui and Tang but gained momentum during the Song as Neo-Confucianism. Yuan dynasty promoted Islam and Tibet Buddhism but ignored Confucianism. Different rulers sponsored and protected different religions but Confucianism and some form of Buddhism have always been alive in Chinese societyRead MoreConfucianism : Ziran And Wuwei1371 Words   |  6 PagesLike Confucianism, Daoists offer two principles to cultivate oneself: ziran (è‡ ªÃ§â€ž ¶) and wuwei (æâ€"  Ã¤ ¸ º). Ziran has been widely translated to mean self-so. Laozi explains what self-so may mean when he tells his followers to â€Å"open yourself to the Tao, then trust your natural responses; and everything will fall into place.† As Robert Eno, Associate Professor of Early Chinese History and Thought at Indiana University, puts it, â€Å"The inhabitants of the Natural world are ‘self-so,’ they simply are as theyRead MoreComparing Daoism and Confucianism681 Words   |  3 PagesYou can compare Daoism and Confucianism to yin and yang because they complement each other. Daoism and Confucianism coexist as complementary value classifications in East Asian societies. Unlike Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, in which these religions were developed in East Asia, Daoism and Confucianism grew mainly in China. Although these religions grew from similar roots, they both still have different emphases. Daoism also known as Taoism, was a philosophical and radical text written by LaoziRead MoreThe Religious Traditions Of The East Are All Older Than Western Religions1743 Words   |  7 PagesTheir traditions and beliefs are different than in the west. The four major religious traditions in the East are all older than western religions. Each religious tradition can be examined for common concepts and differences. 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October 22 (attended): Discussion was centered around Buddhism, exploring aspects of the two main schools of thought, Theravada and Mahayana. Going over the pillars of Theravada Buddhism we learned how the religion is structured in such a manner that people do not have to practice in a specific location or to a specific deity, but that the school is very introspective

Human Disease and Immunity Research Project

Question: Explain Human Disease and Immunity Research Project. Answer: AIDS: The Acquired Human Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The HIV is a virus that gradually destroys the bodys defense mechanism i.e. the immune system of the human body. This virus destroys the T-helper cell and undergoes replication inside the cells. As the infection progresses, it interferes more with theimmune system, increasing the risk of common infections like tuberculosis, as well as otheropportunistic infections, andtumorsthat rarely affect people who have working immune systems. AIDS is one of the life-threatening diseases that have created fear in the world. Mode of transmission - HIV gets transmitted by several ways: Blood Semen Rectal fluids Pre-seminal fluid Vaginal fluids Breast milk These body fluids come in direct contact with the mucous membrane or the damaged cells or with the use of contagious needle injected into the bloodstream of the human beings. The mucous membranes are found inside the vagina, penis, rectum, and mouth. During the sexual intercourse with an HIV infected person through the seminal or vaginal or rectal the virus is transmitted to the partner. These fluids increase the risk of AIDS. Sharing contagious needles during blood transfusion the virus may get passed on to an uninfected person. During pregnancy, the virus might get transmitted from the mother to the baby or may be through breastfeeding. Although HIV is contagious in nature, the virus cannot be transmitted through urine. Heterosexual mode of sexual intercourse is another major mode of transmission of this virus. Rare cases have been reported that HIV can be transmitted through acupuncture, human bite, artificial insemination and tattoo. Symptoms and impact The symptoms of the AIDS vary from individual to individual depending on the stage complexity. In certain case, it has been observed that some people experience flu-like symptoms which develop within two to four weeks after the invasion of the virus in the body. Few of them may not feel sick during this period. The flu symptoms involve fever, chills, night sweats, rash, sore throat, muscle aches, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes and mouth ulcers. These symptoms may last from few days to several months. During this time, a patient might not show the positive result to the HIV test, but they would be capable enough to pass the disease to others. The early stage is known as the "clinical latency test" and during this stage, the symptoms remain generally suppressed. The late stage involves the following symptoms: rapid weight loss, recurring of flu with sweating at the night, diarrhea, sores in the mouth, pneumonia, extreme tiredness, swelling of the lymph gland, memory loss, depression. Mor eover, symptom ms such as red, brown, purplish or pink blotches under or on the skin, or inside the eyelids, nose, and mouth are also observed sometimes. After the original symptoms vanish, HIV may not be the origin any extra symptoms for months to years. Throughout this time, HIV replicates within our body and starts to deteriorate our immune system. An individual wont feel or look ill, but the HIV is still active, and we can effortlessly transmit it to a susceptible person. That is why early examination, even while we feel well, is so vital. It might take up to ten years or more, but HIV might ultimately break along an individuals immune system. Once this takes place, HIV will develop to AIDS that is the final phase of infection. At this time, our immune system is harshly damaged, creating an individual more susceptible to various infections. Mode of prevention and control HIV prevention refers to the practices done in order to prevent the spread of AIDS. These practices are may be constituted by an individual or by the government. One of the universally effective methods for preventing HIV during sexual intercourse is the use of various preventive methods. HIV positive mothers can prevent the spread of this disease is by the consumption of antiretroviral drugs. Medical professionals and scientists recommend treatment or prevention of other infections such asherpes,hepatitis A,hepatitis B,hepatitis C, human papillomavirus,syphilis,gonorrhea, andtuberculosisas an indirect way to prevent the spread of HIV infection. Influential messages delivered via health advertising and communal marketing campaigns that are planned to educate every individual about the consequences of AIDS and straightforward prevention strategies are too an imperative way of preventing AIDS. This persuasive information has productively increased individuals knowledge about the diseas e and the virus. More prominently, information sent out during advertising and social promotion also shows to be effectual in promoting more constructive manner and intentions toward future use of a condom. Even if they did not carry major change in real behaviors excluding those were targeting at precise behavioral skills. Dependablecondomapplication reduces the danger ofheterosexualHIV transmission by about 80% over the long period. Where one associate of a pair is infected, consistent condom use leads in rates of HIV infection for the uninfected individual of lower than 1% per year. Thus, preventive measures which can stop the passage of the fluids that can transmit the virus from an infected individual to a susceptible person should be used in order to control rate of the dreadful disease. Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis is a bacterial disorder that is contagious by nature and is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease is characterized by the infection in the lungs and many times have been observed to affect other parts of the body. Tuberculosis is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world that has affected thirty percentage of the world population. This disease has been a threat to many countries globally. Mode of transmission The mode of transmission of tuberculosis from an infected to a susceptible person is via airborne particles known as the droplet nuclei. When a person has pulmonary or laryngeal tuberculosis sneeze, cough, shout or laughs the infectious droplet nuclei containing the bacteria are released. These droplets remain suspended in the air for many hours. These bacteria, therefore, get transmitted by the air and not by the surface contact. When a person inhales these droplets consisting of the microorganism the disease is caused. These droplets nuclei enter a susceptible person through the mouth or the nasal passage and then through the trachea enters the respiratory tract. In this way, the bacteria reaches the bronchi and ultimately make their way to the alveoli of the lungs. People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate.A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 1 015 (or more) other people per year. Symptoms Tuberculosis may infect any part of the body, but most commonly occurs in the lungs. This type of tuberculosis is known as the Pulmonary tuberculosis. If tuberculosis develops outside the lungs, then it is termed as extra-pulmonary tuberculosis." The general symptoms of the disease are fever, chills, loss of appetite, fatigue and night sweats. Sometimes nail clubbing might also be observed. In the case of the pulmonary tuberculosis, the infection becomes active and the signs noticed are chest pain, prolonged cough including sputum production. In certain cases blood along with a cough are also observed. If the infection erodes the pulmonary artery, it leads to massive bleeding. In terms of the extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, the common symptoms observed are "bursting of a tubercular abscess" through skin lead to a tuberculous ulcer. If the disease occurs in the lymph nodes, then the ulcer enlarges slowly with a wash leather appearance. Mode of prevention and control Tuberculosis prevention and control efforts rely primarily on the vaccination of infants and the detection and appropriate treatment of active cases. Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection and treatment of cases, andvaccinationwith theBacillus Calmette-Gurinvaccine. Treatment requires the use of multipleantibioticsover a long period of time. Antibiotic resistanceis a growing problem with increasing rates ofmultiple drug-resistant tuberculosis. Adaptation to various methods has reduced the number of TB patients. One of the greatest examples is China. TB education is essential for every individual with Tuberculosis. People with TB require understanding that how to consume their TB drugs effectively. They also should know how to make an assurance that they would not pass TB on to another individual. But TB learning is also significant for the common public. The public requires attaining essential information regarding TB for a numeral of purposes counting dropping the stigma still linked with TB. TB facts websites have an easy TB quiz that can aid to educate individuals about TB. TB drug treatment for the prevention of TB, also known as chemoprophylaxis, can reduce the risk of the first episode of active TB. TB prevention the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the drug isoniazid should be taken daily for at least six months and preferably nine months. Prevention and alertness of this disease through campaigns and workshops have helped in reducing the rate of this disease. Malaria: Malaria is a mosquito borne disease which is infectious by nature. This disease is prevalent in human beings and other animals as well as other animals. This disease is caused by the parasitic protozoan belonging to the Plasmodium species. Mode of transmission - Malaria is infected by the Plasmodium vivax where the female anopheles mosquito acts as a vector for carrying the microorganism. The infection or the germ is transmitted by a bite of the anopheles mosquito. The mosquito when bites an infected person receives the gametocyte of the parasite via the blood stream. The gametocytes replicates and the saprophytes produced get filled into the salivary glands of the infected mosquito. These saprophytes are transmitted into the blood stream of an individual when such an infected mosquito bites the individual. In few cases, it has been observed that malaria can spread by the inoculation of blood from an infected person to a susceptible person. The disease can also be transmitted from mother to a child through the placenta. Accidental transmission can also take place among drug addicts those who share the same syringes or needles. Symptoms The symptoms of the disease start developing and reflecting within eight to twenty-five days. However, the symptoms can also develop late. The initial manifestation involves flu like signs, headache, fever, vomiting, hemolytic anemia, shivering, joint pain, retinal damage, convulsions, and jaundice. The classical signs of this disease involve shivering due to fever and sweating. In the case of the cerebral malaria the patient exhibit neurological symptoms such as nystagmus, conjugate gaze palsy, abnormal posturing, seizures or coma and opisthotonus. Mode of prevention and control Malaria is a difficult disease to control largely due to the highly adaptable nature of the vector and parasites involved. While effective tools have been and will continue to be developed to combat malaria, inevitably, over time the parasites and mosquitoes will evolve means to circumvent those tools if used in isolation or used ineffectively. To achieve sustainable control over malaria, healthcare professionals will need a combination of new approaches and tools, and research will play a critical role in the development of those next-generation strategies." Effective vaccines would be critical to develope against the disease as a prevention strategy. NIAID supports a wide range of research on the development of the vaccine against the disease. Antimalarial drugs, in combination with mosquito control programs, have historically played a key role in controlling malaria in endemic areas, resulting in significant reduction of the geographic range of malarial disease worldwide. Vector management tools such as insecticides, environmental modification, and bed nets have contributed greatly to successful malaria control efforts historically. Prevention of this disease is much more cost-effective than treatment of the disease in the long run. The cost required for using the preventive measures is accessible by most of the poor countries. Vector control refers to procedures used to reduce malaria by decreasing the levels of broadcast by mosquitoes. To protect an individual, the most effectualinsect repellentsare depended onDEETorpicaridin. Insecticide-treatedmosquito nets(ITNs) andindoor residual spraying(IRS) have been exposed to be extremely efficient in preventing malaria between children in locations where malaria is frequent. The risk of disease can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites by usingmosquito netsandinsect repellents, or with mosquito-control measures such as sprayinginsecticidesand draining standing water. Several medications are available toprevent malariain travelers to areas where the disease is common. "Recent improvements in malaria prevention strategies have further enhanced its effectiveness in combating areas highly infected with the malaria parasite. Additional bite prevention measures include mosquito and insect repellents that can be directly applied to the skin. This form of mosquito repellent is slowly replacingindoor residual spraying, which is considered to have high levels of toxicity by WHO (World Health Organization). Further additions to preventive care are sanctions on blood transfusions. Once the malaria parasite enters the erythrocytic stage, it can adversely affect blood cells, making it possible to contract the parasite through infected blood. Doxycycline and the atovaquone and proguanil combination are the best tolerated with mefloquine associated with higher rates of neurological and psychiatric symptoms." References: Abate, Getahun, and Daniel F. Hoft. "Variations Between Bacillus Calmette-Gurin Strains: Lessons from Tuberculosis Prevention."European urology66.4 (2014): 692-693. Adams, Megan Duncan.Predictors of malaria prevention and case management among children under five in three African countries: Analysis of demographic health surveys (DHS) malaria indicator surveys. Diss. THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH, 2015. Alemu, Abebe, et al. "Effect of malaria on HIV/AIDS transmission and progression."Parasit Vectors6.18 (2013): 1756-3305. Bai, J. F., and J. W. Wang. "Effect of Xiang A Granule combined with antiviral therapy for AIDS pathogenesis with syndrome of dampness overabundance due to spleen deficiency and liver-qi stagnation on clinical symptoms improvements."China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy/ Zhonghua Zhongyiyao Zazhi27.5 (2012): 1404-1406. Bogart, Laura M., et al. "Perceived discrimination and physical health among HIV-positive Black and Latino men who have sex with men."AIDS and Behavior17.4 (2013): 1431-1441. Brands, Martien, and Suzanne van Berkel. "Homeopathic diagnosis and treatment of malaria in Kenya."International Journal of High Dilution Resarch13.47 (2014). Chiodini, P. L., et al. "Guidelines for malaria prevention in travellers from the United Kingdom. London."Public Health England, July 2013(2013). Cluver, Lucie, et al. "The hidden harm of home-based care: pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms among children providing home medical care to HIV/AIDS-affected adults in South Africa."AIDS care25.6 (2013): 748-755. Field, Martha A. "Coercion as a tool in the Fight against AIDS: Persuation is Preferable to Force." (2015). Gandhi, Neel R., et al. "Nosocomial transmission of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in a rural hospital in South Africa."Journal of Infectious Diseases207.1 (2013): 9-17. HIV, CDC, and H. LONG. "AIDS."Medical Care916 (2012): 874-7720. Larson, Lex K.Employee Health--AIDS Discrimination. Vol. 10. Larson on Employment Discrimination, 2015. Lnnroth, Knut, Gojka Roglic, and Anthony D. Harries. "Improving tuberculosis prevention and care through addressing the global diabetes epidemic: from evidence to policy and practice."The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology2.9 (2014): 730-739. Maheu-Giroux, Mathieu, and Marcia C. Castro. "Do malaria vector control measures impact disease-related behaviour and knowledge? Evidence from a large-scale larviciding intervention in Tanzania."Malar J12.422 (2013): 10-1186. Margolis, B., et al. "Prevalence of tuberculosis symptoms and latent tuberculous infection among prisoners in northeastern Malaysia."The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease: the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease17.12 (2013): 1538. Matsumoto-Takahashi, Emilie Louise Akiko, et al. "Patient Knowledge on Malaria Symptoms Is a Key to Promoting Universal Access of Patients to Effective Malaria Treatment in Palawan, the Philippines."PloS one10.6 (2015): e0127858. Middelkoop, Keren, et al. "Transmission of tuberculosis in a South African community with a high prevalence of HIV infection."Journal of Infectious Diseases211.1 (2015): 53-61. Mordecai, Erin A., et al. "Optimal temperature for malaria transmission is dramatically lower than previously predicted."Ecology letters16.1 (2013): 22-30. Mwangangi, Joseph M., et al. "Shifts in malaria vector species composition and transmission dynamics along the Kenyan coast over the past 20 years."Malaria journal12.1 (2013): 1-9. Noor, Abdisalan M., et al. "The changing risk of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in Africa: 200010: a spatial and temporal analysis of transmission intensity."The Lancet383.9930 (2014): 1739-1747. Prez-Lago, Laura, et al. "Whole genome sequencing analysis of intrapatient microevolution in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: potential impact on the inference of tuberculosis transmission."Journal of Infectious Diseases(2013): jit439. Sandgren, Andreas, et al. "Tuberculosis transmission between foreign-and native-born populations in the EU/EEA: a systematic review."European Respiratory Journal43.4 (2014): 1159-1171. Sutton, Madeline Y., and Carolyn P. Parks. "HIV/AIDS prevention, faith, and spirituality among black/African American and Latino communities in the United States: strengthening scientific faith-based efforts to shift the course of the epidemic and reduce HIV-related health disparities."Journal of religion and health52.2 (2013): 514-530. Thind, A., et al. "P4. 001 Gender Differences in Determinants of HIV/AIDS Transmission in Albania: Do They Exist?."Sexually Transmitted Infections89.Suppl 1 (2013): A289-A289. Abate, Getahun, and Daniel F. Hoft. "Variations Between Bacillus Calmette-Gurin Strains: Lessons from Tuberculosis Prevention."European urology66.4 (2014): 692-693. Mordecai, Erin A., et al. "Optimal temperature for malaria transmission is dramatically lower than previously predicted."Ecology letters16.1 (2013): 22-30. Noor, Abdisalan M., et al. "The changing risk of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in Africa: 200010: a spatial and temporal analysis of transmission intensity."The Lancet383.9930 (2014): 1739-1747. Mwangangi, Joseph M., et al. "Shifts in malaria vector species composition and transmission dynamics along the Kenyan coast over the past 20 years."Malaria journal12.1 (2013): 1-9. Maheu-Giroux, Mathieu, and Marcia C. Castro. "Do malaria vector control measures impact disease-related behaviour and knowledge? Evidence from a large-scale larviciding intervention in Tanzania."Malar J12.422 (2013): 10-1186. Matsumoto-Takahashi, Emilie Louise Akiko, et al. "Patient Knowledge on Malaria Symptoms Is a Key to Promoting Universal Access of Patients to Effective Malaria Treatment in Palawan, the Philippines."PloS one10.6 (2015): e0127858. Brands, Martien, and Suzanne van Berkel. "Homeopathic diagnosis and treatment of malaria in Kenya."International Journal of High Dilution Resarch13.47 (2014). Chiodini, P. L., et al. "Guidelines for malaria prevention in travellers from the United Kingdom. London."Public Health England, July 2013(2013). Adams, Megan Duncan.Predictors of malaria prevention and case management among children under five in three African countries: Analysis of demographic health surveys (DHS) malaria indicator surveys. Diss. THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH, 2015. Alemu, Abebe, et al. "Effect of malaria on HIV/AIDS transmission and progression."Parasit Vectors6.18 (2013): 1756-3305. Bai, J. F., and J. W. Wang. "Effect of Xiang A Granule combined with antiviral therapy for AIDS pathogenesis with syndrome of dampness overabundance due to spleen deficiency and liver-qi stagnation on clinical symptoms improvements."China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy/ Zhonghua Zhongyiyao Zazhi27.5 (2012): 1404-1406. Bogart, Laura M., et al. "Perceived discrimination and physical health among HIV-positive Black and Latino men who have sex with men."AIDS and Behavior17.4 (2013): 1431-1441. Cluver, Lucie, et al. "The hidden harm of home-based care: pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms among children providing home medical care to HIV/AIDS-affected adults in South Africa."AIDS care25.6 (2013): 748-755. Field, Martha A. "Coercion as a tool in the Fight against AIDS: Persuation is Preferable to Force." (2015). Gandhi, Neel R., et al. "Nosocomial transmission of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in a rural hospital in South Africa."Journal of Infectious Diseases207.1 (2013): 9-17. Lnnroth, Knut, Gojka Roglic, and Anthony D. Harries. "Improving tuberculosis prevention and care through addressing the global diabetes epidemic: from evidence to policy and practice."The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology2.9 (2014): 730-739. Margolis, B., et al. "Prevalence of tuberculosis symptoms and latent tuberculous infection among prisoners in northeastern Malaysia."The international journal of Middelkoop, Keren, et al. 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"Optimal temperature for malaria transmission is dramatically lower than previously predicted."Ecology letters16.1 (2013): 22-30. Thind, A., et al. "P4. 001 Gender Differences in Determinants of HIV/AIDS Transmission in Albania: Do They Exist?."Sexually Transmitted Infections89.Suppl 1 (2013): A289-A289. Gandhi, Neel R., et al. "Nosocomial transmission of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in a rural hospital in South Africa."Journal of Infectious Diseases207.1 (2013): 9-17.

Women and Islam an Example by

Women and Islam In her work, Hassan speaks about the role women play in Islam. The author refers to the continuous misinterpretation of the Islamic provisions and traditions; as a result of this misinterpretation, a woman in Islam seems to play a role submissive to man. Negative ideas about women that have no base in the Quran have apparently become part of Muslim thinking by assimilation from surrounding cultures (Hassan, 2007, 243). In reality, many schools of Islamic law refute the idea of a woman being inferior to man. Islam teaches men to treat women with kindness and respect (Hassan, 2007, 243). Quran teaches the Muslim community to secure the safety rights of women (Hassan, 2007, 246). Special attention is paid to safety, if a woman is suspected of adultery: the fact of sexual relations will never be proven unless four witnesses can confirm it (Hassan, 2007, 248). Although Quran makes certain reference to disobedient wives, its initial aim is to provide women and men with equal rights to reac h heaven. A woman in marriage plays a special role of mans advisor and supporter (Hassan, 2007, 251). This is why in early Islamic history many Muslim women accompanied their husbands in battles. This is why early Islamic history has given birth to several significant female figures, among which Khadija, Aisha, and Fatima were the most prominent. Need essay sample on "Women and Islam" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed However, even in the light of these promising trends, Islam remains a predominantly male religion. There is as yet no possibility that women can hold positions of spiritual authority in mosques (Hassan, 2007, 258). Islamic traditions vary from country to country, and while some women are allowed to attend the shrines and to beg for spiritual intervention to solve their personal problems, the female majority is forbidden to even approach a saints tomb (Hassan, 2007, 258). Many Islamic communities openly express their negative attitudes towards westernization, thus adding to womens social burden in Islam. Women are still responsible for contraception in sexual relations with their husbands; some smaller communities were known for applying genital mutilation to girls (Hassan, 2007, 261). In many aspects, the Islamic norms which put women on equal terms with men remain unrecognized by the larger Islamic community. For centuries, the major Islamic provisions have been re-interpreted by men. This is why Hassan argues for the importance of studying primary Islamic norms by women (Hassan, 1999, 250). As male-centered and male-dominated Muslim societies [] keep women in physical, mental, and emotional confinement and deprive them of the opportunity to actualize their human potential, women have no other choice but to be more actively involved into the process of studying the Islamic theology. Hassan is extremely disturbed by the fact that only a handful of Muslim women are good connoisseurs of Islamic theology; the increased religious activity of Muslim women will provide the basis for combating brutality, female exploitation and the power of anti-women laws. However, it is not enough to make women more active; it is critical that religious women pay special attention to the three major theoretical issues in Islam. First, the Islamic theology of women should examine the issues of womens creation in Islam (Hassan, 1999, 254). Second, the female theology of Islam should examine the issue of womans guilt in the fall episode (Hassan, 1999, 257). There is still no definite answer to who should carry the major responsibility for a mans fall in paradise. Third, the Islamic theology of women should finally examine the primary purpose of a womans existence (Hassan, 1999, 261). The male Islamic community views a womans purpose in Islam as to be of use to men who are superior to the m (Hassan, 1999, 263). Women should be more active in studying the Islamic theology, to improve their social position within the Islamic religion. Veil (or hijab) remains the corner stone in the conflict between traditional Islam and westernization. By many, veil (hijab) is viewed as oppressive means of emphasizing womens inferior position in Islamic religion. In her work, Hassan avoids critical judgments, and tries to be objective. In her view, hijab (veiling) for women is a part of the reassertion of their traditional culture (Hassan, 2007, 242). In many aspects, Hassans views are similar to those Naheed Mustafa expressed in her article My Body is My Own Business: wearing hijab has given me freedom from constant attention to my physical self. Hassan and Mustafa are common in that hijab gives Muslim women more opportunities to work, to go outside, and to socialize. This knowledge provides a new vision of a woman in Islam, for whom veil is not an oppression but the instrument of freedom, and for whom the knowledge of Islamic theology is the direct pathway towards social equality with Muslim men. BIBLIOGRAPHY Hassan, R. Women In Islam. In Women in Religion, Fisher M.P. (eds)., 235-269. Pearson / Longman, 2007. Hassan, R. Feminism in Islam. In Feminism and World Religions, Sharma, A. & Young,K.K. (eds.), 249-278. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999. Mustafa, N. My Body Is My Own Business. The Globe and Mail, 29 June 1993. Women and Islam an Example by Women and Islam The people on the earth are broadly divided into two categories of human beings, Male and Female. Female humans are also termed as women. The term woman, who is grammatically, plural form of the English word woman, is generally used for grownup or adults but sometimes this represents the whole female category irrespective of their age. Need essay sample on "Women and Islam" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Historically speaking, women always assumed a particular role in making and shaping of society. In hunter-gatherer societies, women were generally the gatherer of plant food, small animal foods, and learned to use dairy products, while men were suppose to hunt larger animals and provide security to the members of the group. In the recent history, the role and responsibility of women have gradually changed. In the middle class societies, women were primarily responsible for domestic tasks with prim focus on childcare and they did not get the chance to enter into employment for wage but for lower income generating societies, apart from the primary responsibilities, seeking employment out side the home for them become an economic compulsion. Accordingly we see that this is not only the social background or economic background, which have played theirs role in deciding the women position in their society but a very significant role have also been played by the religions in deciding the social consideration of the women belonging to that religion. Here I will primarily discuss about the women and the Islamic viewpoint about them. The teaching of Islam is based essentially on Koran, which is considered as Gods revelation and Hadeeth, which is regarded as the elaborations by Prophet Muhammad. The Koran provides that women and men are equal in the sight of God, in terms of their rights and responsibilities. The Koran states, Every soul will be (held) pledge for its deeds. (1) Women according to Koran, in terms of religious obligations, such as daily prayers, Fasting, Poor due, and pilgrimage are no different than men. But, the women are exempted from the daily prayer and from fasting during menstrual period and forty days after childbirth. She is also exempted from fasting during pregnancy and when she is nourishing and nursing her baby, if there is any threat to her health or her babys health. If the missed fasting is religiously obligatory (during the month of Ramadan), she can make up for the missed days, whenever she can. She does not have to make up for prayers missed for any of the above reasons. Although women can and did go into the mosque during the days of the prophet and there after the attendance at the Friday congregational prayers is optional for them, while it is mandatory for men (Friday). This is clearly a soft touch of the Islamic teachings for they are considerate of the fact that a woman may be nursing her baby or caring for him and thus may be unable to attend the mosque at the time of prayer. They also take into account the physiological and psychological changes associated with her natural female functions. Broadly speaking, Islam brought about far reaching reforms in respect of the condition and status of women. For the first time in the history of human civilization, the principle of equity between the sexes was recognized and practically carried into effect. Sexual relationship without obligation in the form of loose marriages was abolished and only a proper form of marriage was recognized and the same was standardized. Womens consent to the marriage was given central importance. Sense of chastity was introduced and developed both in men and women and un-chastity was subjected to strict moral and legal checks. Islam provides an efficient legal framework for the protection of her dignity and safeguards against her exploitation. Till her marriage, on the father has been cast the strict legal duty to look after her and meet all her requirements. The Islamic law vests in her all the rights due to her as an independent human being. She is entitled to inherit from her parents along with her brothers. On her marriage she does not loose her individuality. She does not cease to be an independent member of the society in her own rights and her personality does not merge into that of her husband. She can own property and dispose it of in any manner she chooses. She can sue and be sued in her own name. She becomes the absolute and exclusive owner of what she earns by her skill or whatever she gets through inheritance or gift from any source. She does not require to seek leave from her husband to dispose off her property in the manner she deems fit. All this is not by way of favor from the society, whi ch can be withdrawn at the whim of any person or any legislature at any time. It is all guaranteed by the Islamic law, which is permanent and beyond the modifying power of any authority of the earth. Marriage in Islam derives its legitimacy from the Shariat and it is treated as contract. There is no ban on widow remarriage and divorce is allowed. But in practice, the contract of marriage gives very unequal rights to man and women. Religion provides for free consent of both parties in the Nikah but in the practice, it is mere formality, as so far as girl is concerned. This is an example of the fact that the super structure of equality of sexes is granted without dismantling the infrastructure of inequality of the sexes in Islam. It confines a woman into immanence and asks her to perform an act of transcendence, which by all means remains immanence. Similarly widow remarriage and divorce are generally frowned upon, especially among middle and the upper classes, even though they are permissible in Islam. The right of repudiation of marriage contract is with the husband. Polygamy is permitted in Islam. A wife therefore, has a distinctly inferior status. Religion makes the husband the family head and expects the wife to obey and serve him. Maher is meant to be a security for the wife against the possibility of divorce at the husbands free will. It is doubtful, however, as to how many women are in a position to assert their claims of Maher in the event of a divorce or widowhood, particularly in the communities among whom, the marriage contract need not be in writing. Womens rights of inheritance, provided in Islam are significant, especially in view of the fact they were meant for a patrilineal social structure. Islam introduced share for wife, daughter, mother, sisters and grandmothers. The general rule being that the female was to inherit half of what the corresponding male would inherit. However, the womens right to hold or inherit property, is not often followed in practice. This is largely due to their seclusion, absence of education, and prevalence of customs and conventions. Two practices that have been most detrimental to the status of the women in Islam have been Talaq or unilateral divorce and seclusion of women. It is largely due to seclusion that has kept Muslim Women backward in respect of education, health, prevented their participation in economic and social fields and has been a hurdle in the way of realizing their civil rights. It has made them heavily dependent on men for the business of living and hence also for achieving any progress. For Mutahhari, Islam is not against the equality of men and women, but it does not agree with the identicalness of their rights (2). He thinks that If women wishes to acquire rights equal to the rights of men and happiness equal to the happiness of man, the only way to get that end is for her to forget about an identicalness of rights with men and have faith in rights suitable for herself. Only in this way can unity and real sincerity between men and women be achieved and only then will women obtain happiness equal to or better than mans. Men then, out of sincerity and without any derogatory thoughts, will be ready to concede to her equal and at times better rights than their own. About the point of actuality, he argues that Our point of view is that dissimilarity in the rights of man and woman should be observed to whatever extent nature has differently molded and created them. Which means to be a husband, in itself, that is, the fact of being husband, imposes certain obligations an d signifies certain rights, and to be a wife in itself imposes certain obligations and implies certain rights. With regard to divorce, in the eye of Islam, divorce is vehemently hated and detested. Here the man is given the prerogative to pronounce triple divorce- Talaq, Talaq, Talaq-to bring the contract of marriage to an end. The natural mechanism of marriage on which Islam has based its laws, is that the women should have a position of being loved and respected in the family order. Consequently, if, for some reason, the wife has fallen from this position and the warmth of the love of the husband for her has cooled down and he has lost his affection for her, the foundation and the main pillar of the family has destroyed. Mutahhari observes So whenever the fire of the love and affection of the husband is extinguished, the union of marriage, from the natural point of view, subsists no more. (3) Hence the Islamic viewpoint about the divorce is that the nature has deposited the key of the natural dissolution of marriage in the custody of man. In other words, it is man who by his own apathy and unfaithfulness towards his wife makes her cold and unfaithful. Conversely, if the difference begins on the side of the wife, it does not affect the affection of the man, rather, incidentally, it makes the affection more acute. Consequently the difference of the man leads to indifference on the both sides. In this way, in Islam, a Muslim has a genuine reason for divorce only if he or she become cruel, vindictive, abusive, unfaithful, neglectful, selfish, sexually abusive, tyrannical, perverted, and so on. In good Islamic practice, before divorce can be contemplated, all possible efforts should be made to solve a couples problem. After an intention of divorce is announced, there is a three months period during which more attempts are made at reconciliation. If by the end of each month, the couple has resumed sexual intimacy, the divorce should not proceed. The three-month rule ensures that a woman cannot remarry until three menstrual cycles have passed- so, if she happens to be pregnant, the child will be supported and paternity will not be in dispute. Regarding polygamy, the Koran endorses up to the limit of four wives per man. But it is ordained in the Koran that If you fear that you shall not be able to behave justly among your wives, do not have more than one woman as your wife. Sexual intimacy outside marriage is forbidden in Islam, including sex before marriage, adultery or homosexual relationship. However, within marriage, sexual intimacy should be raised from animal level to worship level so that each considers the happiness and satisfaction of the other, rather than mere self-gratification. On analyzing the political aspect of Islamic viewpoint on women, we find women equality with men during the Islamic civilization. But although not mentioned in the Koran, one Hadeeth of the Prophet is interpreted to make women ineligible for the position of head of state. As per the referred Hadeeth, a people will not prosper, if they let a woman be their leader. This limitation, however, has nothing to do with the dignity of woman or with her rights. It is rather related to the natural differences in the biological and psychological make-up of men and women. According to Islam, the head of the state is required to perform multiple functions, including leading the people in the prayers, especially on Fridays and festivities. He is continuously required to engage himself in the process of decision making related to the security and welfare of the subject. This demanding position or other similar situations is very inconsistent with the physiological and psychological make-up of the women in general. But these are the different arguments, which are given to defend the inconsistent viewpoint of Islam about Muslim Women. Summarizing the whole issue, this can be said that Islamic viewpoint about the women might be different but in the cultural practices followed by them make her status more vulnerable. Despite the fact that the Koran is addressed to all Muslims, and for the most part, we do not find any difference between men and women. Women have the right to divorce, to inherit property, to conduct business and to have access to knowledge, But in practice, in Riyadh, a woman is forbidden from driving a car. During the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, girls were forbidden from going to school. The veiling of Muslim women is still a very complex issue. Regardless of her skills or intelligence, she is expected to accept her man as his master. According to one verse of Koran, man can punish his wife physically, if her ill will is wrecking the marriage. Let us wish and hope that a Woman in Islam gets her due share in time to come. Works Cited Koran -74:38 Mutahhari, Murtada; Rights of Women in Islam / Tehran / World Organization of Islamic Studies, p/39 Mutahhari, Murtada; Rights of Women in Islam / Tehran / World Organization of Islamic Studies, p/128